Fungicide Summary Tables
- Table 1: Registered Materials
- Table 2: Number of Bravo 720 applications needed per season for control of EFB
- Table 3: Demethylation-inhibiting Fungicides (DMI) for control of EFB.
- Table 4: Combined Bravo 720 followed by DMI applications
- Table 5: Strobilurin (QoI) Fungicides for Control of EFB
- Table 6: Miscellaneous materials for the control of EFB.
Table 1: Registered Materials
This table lists the fungicides registered as of spring 2022. These fungicides must be applied to young hazelnut growth before spores of the EFB fungus have a chance to be deposited and infect the juvenile tissue. Budbreak is when these spores can begin infecting hazelnuts. This is also when the first applications of these fungicides are recommended. New plant tissue that develops after application generally is unprotected. This means multiple applications are needed for effective control. Also, good coverage of all susceptible tissues is essential.
Product |
Rate/100 gallons water |
Active Ingredient or Fungicide Family |
Average number of applications per season |
Average level of control
|
Total number of trials
|
Abound |
3 oz |
azoxystrobin |
4 |
62 |
4 (3) |
Aproach |
6-12 fl oz |
picoxystrobin |
4 |
91 |
15 (15) |
Bravo 720 |
32 oz |
chlorothalonil |
3.7 |
83 |
30 (30) |
Cabrio |
3-4 oz |
pyraclostrobin |
4 |
91 |
10 (10) |
Cevya |
3-5 fl oz |
mefentrifluconazole |
4 |
91 |
7 (7) |
Echo 720Echo 90 DF |
32 fl oz 1.63 lb |
chlorothalonil |
4 4 |
91 93 |
6 (6) 1 (1) |
Flint Extra (Gem) |
1.5 oz |
trifloxystrobin |
4.0 |
82 |
7 (6) |
Inspire Super |
16 fl oz |
cyprodinil plus difenoconazole |
4.0 |
84 |
2 (2) |
Copper-based:KocideChampion 50WP |
6 lb 6 lb |
Copper Hydroxide |
2.6 4.3 |
65 87 |
7 (5) 5 (3) |
Merivon |
3.25 - 4 fl oz 5 - 6.5 fl oz |
pyraclostrobin plus fluxapyroxad |
4 4 |
93 99 |
4 (4) 2 (2) |
Miravis Duo |
13.7 fl oz |
difenconazole plus pydiflumetofen |
4.0 |
96 |
5 (5) |
Procure and generics |
1.5-6 oz |
triflumizole |
4.0 |
80 |
19 (18) |
Quadris Top |
7 fl oz 12 - 14 fl oz |
azoxystrobin plus difenconazole |
4 4 |
94 93 |
3 (3) 4 (4) |
Quash |
4 oz 4 oz + surfactant |
metconazole |
4 |
64 88 |
3 (2) 4 (4) |
QuiltXcel |
14 fl oz |
propiconazole plus azoxystrobin |
4 |
92 |
7 (7) |
Stratego |
5 fl oz 7 fl oz |
trifloxystrobin plus propiconazole |
4 4 |
79 93 |
3 (3) 1 (1) |
Tesaris |
3 fl oz | fluxapyroxad | 4 | 81 | 2(2) |
Tilt and generics |
1.5-4 oz |
propiconazole |
4.0 |
84 |
13 (11) |
TopGuard (Rhyme) |
6 oz 13 - 14 oz |
flutriafol |
4 4 |
55 95 |
3 (3) 5 (5) |
Ziram 76 DF |
1.5 lb 3 lb 4-6 lb |
ziram |
4 4 4 |
88 94 94 |
2 (2) 7 (7) 12 (12) |
Table 2: Number of Bravo 720 applications needed per season for control of EFB
Product |
Rate/100 gallons water |
Active Ingredient or Fungicide Family |
Average number of applications per season |
Average level of control
|
Total number of trials
|
Bravo 720 |
32 oz |
Chlorothalonil |
1 |
51 |
11 (7) |
Bravo 720 |
32 oz |
Chlorothalonil |
2 |
59 |
9 (8) |
Bravo 720 |
32 oz |
Chlorothalonil |
3 |
77 |
16 (16) |
Bravo 720 |
32 oz |
Chlorothalonil |
4 |
90 |
13 (13) |
Bravo 720 |
32 oz |
Chlorothalonil |
5 |
85 |
5 (5) |
One to one comparisons:
Bravo 720 vs. Copper Hydroxides
79% control vs. 72% control (6 trials)
Table 3. Demethylation-inhibiting Fungicides (DMI) for control of EFB.
There is a large group of very effective fungicides with a similar mode of action called the demethylation-inhibiting fungicides or DMI (FRAC group 3 fungicides). They may also be referred to as the sterol-biosynthesis inhibiting fungicides or SI. These fungicides have both locally systemic and curative properties that make them highly valuable for EFB control. Unlike the protectants, if the EFB fungus makes it into the shoot tissue before the fungicide application there may still be time to kill the infection. The DMI products can move into the young green shoot tissue and cure an already established infection. This property is time limited, usually within a few days from the time the ascospores germinate and begin the infection process. Sometimes this property is referred to as "kickback" or "reachback" activity. Thus it can be said that these materials have a 2 to 3 day kickback activity against EFB. Unfortunately, the level of control obtained when these materials are applied after infection is much less than that obtained when applied before infection. Greenhouse research has indicated that kickback activity is related to the rate of material used.
The locally systemic nature of these compounds is somewhat misleading. The materials move into green plant tissues such as shoots and leaves but then move with the transpiration stream to the edges of a leaf. There is no export out of a leaf or down through the shoot to other plant parts. Only those tissues directly sprayed will contain the DMI material. Good coverage is still essential.
Some DMI fungicides, like Rubigan, need a little more green tissue exposed after bud break to be effective. Other fungicides, like Elite or Orbit, are effective when starting applications at bud break.
Product |
Rate/100 gallons water |
Active Ingredient or Fungicide Family |
Average number of applications per season |
Average level of control (%) |
Total number
|
Registration notes |
|
Banner |
Various |
propiconazole |
2.7 |
91 |
7 (7) |
See Orbit |
|
Baycor 50 WP |
1 lb |
bitertanol |
1 |
42 |
4 (1) |
No USA registrations |
|
Bayleton 50 WP |
Various |
triadimefon |
1 |
46 |
5 (1) |
Registration not likely |
|
Cevya |
3-5 fl oz |
mefentrifluconazole |
4 |
96 |
5 (5) |
Registered |
|
Elite |
2 oz 4 oz |
tebuconazole |
4 4 |
78 87 |
8 (8) 5 (5) |
Section 18 denied in 2002 |
|
Folicure 1.2 EC 3.6F |
4 oz 1.5-2 oz |
tebuconazole |
1.5 4 |
8 72 |
2 (0) 3 (2) |
See Elite |
|
Indar
Indar 2F |
0.5 or 6 fl oz |
fenbuconazole |
4
4 |
87
88 |
4 (4)
1 (1) |
Possible in the future |
|
Inspire 250 EC |
7 fl oz |
difenconizole |
4 |
94 |
1 (1) |
Possible |
|
Mettle |
5 fl oz |
tetraconazole |
4 |
51 |
1 (1) |
Not registered |
|
Nustar 20 DF |
2 oz |
flusilazole |
2.7 |
65 |
16 (11) |
No USA registrations |
|
Orbit EC (Tilt) |
1.5-4 oz |
propiconazole |
4 3 |
84 74 |
13 (11) 2 (1) |
Section 18 in 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006. Registered in 2007 |
|
Orius 45 DF |
4 oz 4 oz + Surfactant |
tebuconazole |
4 4 |
74 94 |
1 (1) 1 (1) |
Possible but no registrations. |
|
Procure |
1.5-6 oz |
Triflumizole |
4 |
80 |
19 (18) |
Registered in 2006. |
|
Quash |
4 oz 4 oz + Surfactant |
metconazole |
4 |
64 88 |
3 (2) 4 (4) |
Registered in 2009 |
|
Rally 40 W |
2 or 2.5 oz |
myclobutanil |
3.1 |
69 |
9 (7) |
Possible but not likely. |
|
Rubigan EC |
Various |
fenarimol |
2.9 |
39 |
27 (11) |
Non-bearing tree label canceled 2012 |
|
TopGuard |
6 oz 13 -14 oz |
flutriafol |
4 4 |
55 95 |
3 (3) 5 (5) |
Registered. |
|
Unicorn |
3 lb |
tebuconizole plus sulfur |
4 |
76 |
3 (3) |
Legal to use |
|
Viathon SC |
2 pt |
tebuconazole |
4 |
98 |
1 (1) |
Possible in the future. |
One to one comparisons:
Bravo 720 vs. Procure 50 WS
93% control vs. 85% control (6 trials)
Bravo 720 vs. Elite 45 DF
90% control vs. 84% control (9 trials)
Bravo 720 vs. Rubigan
88% control vs. 46% control (8 trials)
Bravo 720 vs. Orbit
90% control vs. 86% control (5 trials)
Table 4. Combined Bravo 720 followed by DMI applications
Management schemes that exploit the beneficial characters of the various fungicides for EFB control have been investigated. The most promising starts with Bravo at bud break. Bud break is the start of the period when hazelnuts are susceptible to the EFB fungus. Use of a good protectant, such as Bravo, gets the trees through the first few weeks of susceptibility when shoots are growing slowly and rains are frequent and heavy. At this time there also is little green tissue to absorb DMI products like Rubigan.
Later in the season rapid shoot growth may easily out-grow the protection of a Bravo application. Frequent rains may have prevented us from getting back into the orchard soon enough to prevent some infections. Use of a DMI at this time exploits their locally systemic and kickback activities.
Several trials have been conducted using Bravo as the first and sometimes second application followed by applications of various DMI compounds such as Elite, Procure or Rubigan. Occasionally, a few treatment protocols had the DMIs tank mixed with Bravo. In general, trees were treated with one or two sprays of Bravo followed by one of two sprays of a DMI for a total of 3 or 4 applications. The average level of control using these tactics was 97% (table 4).
Product |
Rate/100 gallons water |
Active Ingredient or Fungicide Family |
Average number of applications per season |
Average level of control
|
Total number of trials
|
|
Bravo / DMI |
---- |
------ |
3 to 4 |
97 |
14 (14) |
|
Bravo / DMI Forecast Timeing |
---- |
------ |
1 to 2 |
73 |
12 (11) |
Table 5. Strobilurin (QoI) Fungicides for Control of EFB
The next generation of agricultural fungicides, the strobilurins or QoI fungicides (FRAC group 11), are registered in various fruit markets. Abound, Cabrio, Gem (Flint), Luna products, Merivon and Pristine are now registered for hazelnuts. Abound and Sovran, had mixed results against EFB (table 5) but Gem (Flint) and Cabrio have done well. Pristine and Luna products are not recommended since they are pre-pakaged mixs of a FRAC group 11 and FRAC group 7 which are ineffective against EFB. Merivon is recommended as both products in the mix are active on EFB. The strobiluins are translaminar in that they move into the plant tissue but do not move as much as DMI's with the transpiration stream. They are best used as protectants and may fail when systemic kickback activity is needed.
Products |
Rate/100 gallons water |
Active Ingredient or Fungicide Family |
Average number of applications per season |
Average level of control
|
Total number
|
Registration Notes |
|
Abound |
3 oz 15.4 oz |
azoxystrobin |
4 4 |
62 96 |
4 (3) 1 (1) |
Legal to use on hazelnuts. |
|
Aproach |
6-12 fl oz |
picoxystrobin |
4 |
91 |
15 (15) |
Registered |
|
Cabrio |
3-4 oz |
pyraclostrobin |
4 |
91 |
10 (10) |
Registered |
|
Evito |
5.7 oz |
fluoxastrobin |
4 |
45 |
3 (1) |
Not Registered |
|
Flint 50 WG |
1 oz |
trifloxystrobin |
4 |
87 |
7 (7) |
Registered late 2002, see Gem. |
|
Gem |
1.5 oz |
trifloxystrobin |
4 |
81 |
6 (5) |
Registered 2006. |
|
Pristine |
6.3 oz |
pyraclostrobin plus boscalid |
4 |
93 |
2 (2) |
Not recommended. See Cabrio. |
|
Sovran |
1.2 oz |
kresoxim-methyl |
4 |
67 |
2 (1) |
Registration not likely. |
One to one comparisons: Bravo vs. Flint 94% control vs. 87% control (6 trials)
Table 6. Miscellaneous materials for the control of EFB.
A report from the East Coast many years ago showed activity of mancozeb against EFB. Manex (maneb) was found to be effective in our tests also (table 6). This may indicate that the ethylenebis dithiocarbamate (EBDC) group of materials may all be effective against EFB. This group, however, has met stiff registration opposition with EPA due to the toxicology of certain break down products. Registration of these materials in the future is unlikely and is not being actively pursued.
Other compounds are being tested against this disease and may show registration promise.
Products |
Rate/100 gallons water |
Active Ingredient or Fungicide Family |
Average number of applications per season |
Average level of control
|
Total number
|
Registration Notes |
|
Adament |
3 fl oz or less 3 fl oz + surfactant |
tebuconazole plus trifloxystrobin |
4 |
55 89 |
3 (2) 1 (1) |
Not registered anymore |
|
Aliette 80 WP |
5 lb |
fosetyl - Al |
2 |
50 |
2 (1) |
Not Registered |
|
Aprovia |
5.5 fl oz |
benzovindiflupyr |
4 |
29 |
2 (0) |
Not Registered alone |
|
Aviv |
30 fl oz |
Biological |
8 |
24 |
1 (0) |
Legal to use |
|
Benlate 50 WP |
0.75 lb |
benomyl |
1.7 |
17 |
3 (0) |
Not manufactured |
|
Bordeaux |
Various |
Copper Sulfate plus Hydrated Lime |
2.7 (1.5) 4 |
71 74 |
6 (5) 1 (1) |
OK to use. |
|
Botector |
8-14 oz |
Biological |
4 or 8 |
47 |
4 (6) |
Registered |
|
Captan 50 WP |
4 lb |
captan |
4 |
92 |
2 (2) |
Registration not likely |
|
Champion 50 WP |
6 lb various |
copper hydroxide |
4.3 4.3 |
87 80 |
5 (3) 17 (6) |
Registered |
|
Cueva |
2 gal |
copper soap |
4 |
22 |
2 (0) |
Legal to use. |
|
Double Nickel |
1-2 qt |
Biological |
8 |
24 |
2 (0) |
Legal to use. |
|
EcoSwing |
2 pt |
Plant Extract |
8 |
39 |
1 (0) |
Not really |
|
Equus DF |
1.2 lb |
chlorothalonil |
4 |
100 |
1 (1) |
Registered. |
|
Elevate |
0.75 lb |
fenhexamid |
4 |
10 |
1 (0) |
Registration not likely |
|
Endura |
0.175 lb ai |
boscalid |
4 |
13 |
2 (0) |
Registration not likely |
|
Fontellis |
14-20 fl oz |
penthiopyrad |
4 |
39 |
5 (3) |
Registration possible |
|
Gatten |
10 fl oz |
flutianil |
3 - 4 |
46 |
2 (1) |
Registration not likely |
|
Lime Sulfur (29%) |
32 oz |
lime sulfur |
4.0 |
49 |
2 (1) |
Registration not likely |
|
Manex |
0.4 gal |
Maneb / EBDC |
4 |
77 |
1 (1) |
Registration not likely |
|
Messenger |
9 oz |
harpin |
4 |
32 |
2 (0) |
Not sold anymmore |
|
Miravis |
5.13 fl oz |
pydiflumetofen |
4 |
88 |
2 (2) |
Tested low pressure years. Not registered alone |
|
Miravis Prime |
9.1 fl oz |
pydiflumetofen plus fludioxonil |
4 |
53 |
2 (2) |
Not likely |
|
Nordox 50 WP |
5 lb |
Copper Oxide |
1 |
17 |
1 (0) |
Registered |
|
Oso |
6.5 fl oz |
polyoxin-D |
4 |
51 |
1 (1) |
See PhD |
|
PhD |
0.4-0.5 lb 0.4 lb |
polyoxin-D |
4 8 |
20 81 |
3 (0) 1 (1) |
Registered |
|
Previsto |
0.5 to 4 gal |
copper hydroxide |
4 |
40 |
4 (1) |
Registered |
|
PZ 20 |
3.1 fl oz |
pyraziflumid |
4 |
70 |
2 (1) |
Not likely |
|
Quintec |
6 oz |
quinoxyfen |
4 |
0 |
1 (0) |
Registration not likely |
|
Regalia |
1 gal |
extract of Giant Knotweed |
4 8 |
13 35 |
2 (0) 2 (0) |
Legal to use. |
|
Rovral |
1 lb |
iprodione |
4 |
7 |
1 (0) |
Registration not likely |
|
Scala |
9 fl oz |
pyrimethanil |
4 |
46 |
1 (0) |
Registration not likely |
|
Serenade ASO Serenade MAX Serenade Opti |
6 qt
4 lb
14 oz
|
Biological |
4
4
8 |
64
12
15 |
1 (1)
4 (0)
1 (0) |
Legal to use. |
|
Silver Bullet |
5-15 gal |
Coors Light |
4 |
43 |
2 (1) |
Use it for something else. |
|
SoilGuard 12G |
8 lb |
Biological |
4 |
7 |
1 (0) |
? |
|
Stargus |
4 qtl |
Biological |
8 |
28 |
1 (0) |
Legal to use |
|
Supreme Oil Alone JMS Stylet Oil Alone |
32 oz 1% |
Oil |
5 4 |
16 4 |
1 (0) 1 (0) |
Use as a surfactant, never alone. |
|
Syllit 65 WP |
2 lb |
cyprex |
4 |
97 |
2 (2) |
Registration not likely |
|
Switch |
10 oz |
cyprodinil + fludioxonil |
4 |
59 |
2 (2) |
Registration not likely |
|
Tavano |
6.5-13 fl oz |
polyoxin-D |
4 |
4 |
2 (0) |
Not labeled |
|
Thiram 65 WP Thiram 24/7 |
5 lb 3.1 qt |
thiram |
4 4 |
100 97 |
1 (1) 2 (2) |
Legal on Non-bearing orchards |
|
Vangard |
5 oz |
cyprodinil |
4 |
43 |
1 (1) |
Registration not likely |
|
Vivando |
15 fl oz |
metrafenone |
4 |
57 |
3 (3) |
Registration not likely |
|
ZeroTol |
125 oz |
peroxylacetic acid |
4 |
11 |
1 (0) |
Disinfectant |